From Protomodernisation to Modernisation of Croatia's School System » Publications

Just published: Ivana Horbec, Prema modernoj državi (Towards a Modern State)

Ivana Horbec — Fri, 08 Mar 2019 10:18:12 +0000

In December 2018, Croatian Institute of History published a book on administration and politics in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia in the 18th century:

Ivana Horbec, Prema modernoj državi. Uprava i politika u Banskoj Hrvatskoj 18. stoljeća. Zagreb 2018.

Summary:

Reforms and regulations implemented in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia and in the Monarchy as a whole marked the 18th century as a crucial period for the emergence of state structures in these regions. They laid foundations for a modern understanding of state as an abstract power. This state mechanism, this “protomodern” administration that appeared as a framework for public political action, is the cornerstone for the development of the state as we know it today

Table of Contents:

FOREWORD ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11

FRAMEWORKS AND CONCEPT ………………………………………………………………… 16

STRUCTURE …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19

SOURCES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23

TERMINOLOGY ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29

DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOMODERN STATE STRUCTURES …………………… 35

18TH CENTURY “STATE” ………………………………………………………………………………….. 36

FROM CENTRAL TO LOCAL ADMINISTRATION ……………………………. 67

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS IN CROATIA AND SLAVONIA IN THE 18TH CENTURY ……………….. 82

Separation of Administration from Legislation ……………………………….. 82

The Importance of Local Administration: Reforms of County Organisation …………………….. 90
FROM A “FISCAL STATE” TO A “WELFARE STATE” ………………… 119

FISCAL MOTIVES FOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS …………………… 120

Tax System of the Habsburg Monarchy …………………………………….. 124

Fiscal Motives for Administrative Reforms in Croatia and Slavonia ……….. 131
CROATIA AND SLAVONIA IN ECONOMIC PLANS OF THE IMPERIAL COURT IN VIENNA ……. 159

Laying an Institutional Foundation for Economic Policy ……………. 163

Administration and the Economy in Croatia and Slavonia ……….. 170
SOCIAL ROLE OF “THE WELFARE STATE” ……………………………………. 191

MISERA PLEBS CONTRIBUENS IN PUBLIC POLITICS ……………………. 193

DEVELOPMENT OF STATE EDUCATION SYSTEM …………………………… 205

HEALTH AS “HAPPINESS” ………………………………………………………………. 226
THE ESTATES – RIVALS AND PARTNERS ………………………………………. 253

CROATIA AND SLAVONIA AND THE IMPERIAL COURT IN VIENNA: MODELS OF PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL DECISION-MAKING …………………………………………… 256

HUNGARIAN AND CROATIAN-SLAVONIAN ESTATES AS POUVOIRS INTERMÉDIAIRES ……… 274

DEFICITI RANONOVOVJEKOVNE POLITIČKE UPRAVE U BANSKOJ HRVATSKOJ ………… 286

DEFICITS OF POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION IN CROATIA AND SLAVONIA IN THE EARLY MODERN AGE ………………………………… 299

ROOTS OF CONFLICTS: “REPUBLICAN PRINCIPLES” AND UTILITAS …………… 307

TOWARDS A NEW ADMINISTRATIVE ELITE …………………………….. 321

A PARALLEL WORLD OF THE KING’S OFFICALS: COMMISSIONS AND “HUNGARIAN” ADVISORS …………………………….. 324

NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC SERVICES …………………………………. 335

FORMATION OF “LOYAL” SERVANTS AND “USEFUL” CITIZENS .. 363

THE RULER AND HIS NOBILITY: ATTRACTING NOBILITY TO THE IMPERIAL COURT …….. 383

BETWEEN THE ESTATES STRUCTURES AND PROTOMODERN ADMINISTRATION: PUBLIC OFFICES IN CROATIA AND SLAVONIA ……………………………………………………………………… 394

The King and the Officials of the Estates: the Croatian Ban and Great Župans (County Prefects) …………………………………………………….. 394

The Central Royal Offices in Croatia and Slavonia ……………………….. 417

Offices in Counties …………………………………………………………………………………………. 428

New Offices of (Enlightened) Absolutism ……………………………………………. 434

THE STATE AS AN ORGANISM ………………………………………………………………… 455

STAATENKUNDE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS …. 458

DIKASTERIJ: AN INSTITUTION OF A MODERN STATE ……………….. 468

THE VOICE OF ADMINISTRATION ………………………………………………………….. 486

UTILITAS AS A LEITMOTIF OF AN ENLIGHTENED STATE ADMINISTRATION ………………… 495

CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 499
SOURCES AND LITERATURE …………………………………………………………………… 511
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………………….. 573
INDEX OF NAMES ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 575
SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 587

Vlasta Švoger, „Štefan Moyses a oddelenie pre kultúru a vzdelávanie v Bánskej rade (1848-1850) “

Ivana Horbec — Thu, 29 Nov 2018 10:48:31 +0000

In Banska Bystrica, a conference proceedings on Stjepan (Štefan) Moyses have been published, with the paper by Vlasta Švoger “Štefan Moyses and the Section for Education of the Ban’s Council (1848-1850)” presenting a part of the research conducted within the project “From Proto-Modernisation to Modernisation of Croatia’s School System”.

Vlasta Švoger, „Štefan Moyses a oddelenie pre kultúru a vzdelávanie v Bánskej rade (1848-1850) (Štefan Moyses and the Section for Education of the Ban’s Council (1848-1850)“, u: ŠTEFAN MOYZES – za života a v historickej pamäti. Zborník vydaný pri príležitosti 220. výročia narodenia. Zborník príspevkov z medzinárodnej konferencie ŠTEFAN MOYZES – za života a v historickej pamäti, ktorá sa konala 24. 10. 2017 v Stredoslovenskom múzeu Banská Bystrica, ur. Ján Golian, Alica Kurhajcová, Erika Maliniaková, Rastislav Molda, Banska Bystrica: Stredoslovenské múzeum v Banskej Bystrici, 2018., 23.-35. (izvorni znanstveni rad)

Abstract:

This paper shortly presents the foundation of the Ban’s Council (Croat. Bansko vijeće) – the first Croatian government. It was formed by Ban Josip Jelačić in April 1848 as his advisory council. After he went to war against Hungary in September 1848 the Ban’s Council de facto became the first Croatian independent government. The Director of the Section for Education of the Ban’s Council was Canon Štefan Moyses. This paper investigates work of the Section for Education governed by Moyses, and it is focused at three important issues – the preparing of the press law and the draft legislation for modernisation of Croatia’s school system, as well as the procedure of employing a new professor of philosophy at the Royal Academy of Sciences in Zagreb. Štefan Moyses influenced greatly the history of Croatian education both as the head of the Section for Education of the Ban’s Council, as well as the professor of philosophy at the highest educational institution in Croatia at that time.

Ivana Horbec, “Lingua monarchica an der Peripherie. Die Rolle der deutschen Sprache im politischen und sozialen Leben Kroatiens im 18. Jahrhundert”

Ivana Horbec — Thu, 29 Nov 2018 10:35:26 +0000

New volume of the yearbook of Federal Institute for Culture and History of the Germans in Eastern Europe, Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, is devoted to the theme “Language” and presents a broad set of issues based on German as spoken in Eastern Europe and its past and present interrelationships with neighboring languages as well as its significance for politics, culture, and society. A part of the research conducted within the framework of the project “From Proto-Modernisation to Modernisation of Croatia’s School System” was presented here by Ivana Horbec.

Contents:

Jörg Meier: Vorwort

Hermann Scheuringer:
Einst privilegiert, dann geächtet, nun wieder geschätzt oder nur genutzt? Status und Perspektiven des Deutschen in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa

Ivana Horbec:
Lingua monarchica an der Peripherie. Die Rolle der deutschen Sprache im politischen und sozialen Leben Kroatiens im 18. Jahrhundert

Elisabeth Knipf-Komlósi, Marta Müller:
Zwischen Vitalität und Aufgabe. Dynamische Aspekte in der Sprache der deutschen Minderheit in Ungarn

Agnes Kim, Stefan Michael Newerkla:
Das Paradox der Toleranz. Sprachliche Nationalisierung des Mittelschulwesens in Böhmen und Mähren im langen 19. Jahrhundert

Stefaniya Ptashnyk:
Deutsch im Bildungswesen Lembergs zwischen 1905 und 1925

Csaba Földes:
Xenismen in der auslandsdeutschen Pressesprache. Reflexionen anhand der Moskauer Deutschen Zeitung

Egita Proveja:
Die Rigasche Hausfrauen-Zeitung 1884–1906. Inhalte und Textsorten. Eine Studie zur deutschbaltischen Mediengeschichte

Irena Bogoczová, Kai Witzlack-Makarevich:
Die Westteschener Mundart der autochthonen polnischen Minderheit im Teschener Schlesien (Tschechische Republik)

Gerd Hentschel:
Das Schlesische: Weder Dialekt noch Sprache?

Ákos Bitter, Ingrid Hudabiunigg, Robert Marchl:
Spracherhalt und Sprachumstellung bei der deutschsprachigen Bevölkerung in Tschechien und Ungarn. Ein historischer und soziolinguistischer Vergleich

Anja Wilhelmi:
Sprache als Kommunikationsform und -hindernis im deutschbaltischen Adel. Von der französischen Lingua franca zur deutschen Regionalsprache

Boris Blahak:
Jiddisch für ,Westjuden’. Franz Kafkas Spracherwerbstheorie des Jiddischen – ein sprachbiographisches Experiment

Jan Kubica:
Doppelsprachigkeit bei Ota Filip – zwei Identitäten?

Projektbericht

Katharina Dück:
Zum Zusammenhang von Sprache und Identität von Kaukasiendeutschen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Sprachkompetenzen im Deutschen

More information on the issue:

De Gruyter

BKGE

Abstract of the paper “Lingua monarchica an der Peripherie. Die Rolle der deutschen Sprache im politischen und sozialen Leben Kroatiens im 18. Jahrhundert”:

Obwohl Deutsch schon seit Beginn der Herrschaft des Hauses Habsburg 1527 in der kroatischen Verwaltung und Gesellschaft präsent war, insbesondere durch die militärische Verwaltung und in militärisch-wirtschaftlichen Angelegenheiten während jahrhundertelanger Kriege gegen das Osmanische Reich, verstärkte sich sein Gebrauch während des 18. Jahrhunderts, in dem sich die habsburgische Macht im Gebiet Kroatiens mit vielen Reformen festigte, die auf die Schaffung von protomodernen staatlichen Strukturen abzielten. Diese Reformen führten zu wesentlichen Veränderungen der sprachlichen Praxen im politischen und öffentlichen Leben Kroatiens. Kroatisch war die Muttersprache der Mehrheit der Bevölkerung und des Adels als „des politischen Volkes“. Daher ist es gerechtfertigt anzunehmen, dass Kroatisch im öffentlichen Bereich am meisten in Gebrauch war. In den Verwaltungsangelegenheiten und im Schulwesen der frühen Neuzeit finden wir aber fast ausschließlich Latein, das auch in der Schriftsprache (Briefwechsel, Wissenschaften, Literatur) überwog. Die Tätigkeiten der politischen und intellektuellen Elite waren im ganzen Ungarischen Königreich viel tiefer vom Gebrauch des Lateins durchdrungen als dies im Rest der Habsburger Monarchie und letztendlich im übrigen Europa der Fall war. Obwohl Ungarisch die Muttersprache des größten Teils des ungarischen Adels war – zu dem im politischen Sinne auch der kroatische Adel zählte, und obwohl ein Großteil der kroatischen Adelsfamilien – insbesondere der Magnatenfamilien – ungarischer Herkunft und das Lernen der ungarischen Sprache Teil ihrer Ausbildungsstrategien war, stellte Latein beim Adel eine lingua communis dar, nicht nur als Verständigungsmittel, sondern auch zur Sicherung der Gleichberechtigung bei der Teilnahme an gemeinsamen Regierungsinstitutionen und somit an politischen Entscheidungsprozessen. Der öffentliche Bereich war hier daher betont latinisiert, obwohl sich in die Reinheit der lateinischen Sprache oft lokale Ausdrucksweisen mischten. Hinzu lernte der gebildete Adel regelmäßig Französisch oder Italienisch und gebrauchte diese Sprachen in seiner privaten Korrespondenz. Im 18. Jahrhundert und insbesondere gegen dessen Ende maß man in einem solchen sprachlichen Umfeld der deutschen Sprache eine immer größere Bedeutung bei. In den Quellen aus dem kroatischen Gebiet kam Deutsch immer öfter als Sprache vor, mittels derer die gesellschaftliche Elite ihren Kosmopolitismus, aber auch ihre politische Macht zeigte, hinter der der Wiener Hof stand. Im Einklang mit starken Integrationsprozessen in der Monarchie ging Deutsch daraufhin in die Schulen und auch in die Verwaltung ein – zunächst indirekt in die Schriftentwürfe und interinstitutionelle Geschäftskommunikation, bis es schließlich von 1784/1786 bis 1790 (erfolglos) zur Verwaltungssprache erklärt wurde. Während des ganzen Zeitraums blieb Deutsch ein Symbol – der Zugehörigkeit zu einem gesellschaftlichen Kreis, der Bildung, der Übernahme aufklärerischer Ideen, nicht zuletzt aber auch der absolutistischen Herrschaft. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Umstände vorzustellen, die die Präsenz der deutschen Sprache im gesellschaftlichen und politischen Leben Kroatiens im 18. Jahrhundert beeinflussten, ihre Gebrauchspraxis zu analysieren und Muster und Motive für die Auswahl des Deutschen als Fremd- und als Kommunikationssprache zu ermitteln. Mittels überlieferter Korrespondenz, gesellschaftlich-politischer Abhandlungen, literarischer Werke und Verwaltungsschriften versuche ich die Rolle der Deutschkenntnisse für Laufbahnen oder gesellschaftlichen Einfluss von Einzelnen und die Rolle des Deutschen bei der Übermittlung von Ideen und bei gegenseitigen kulturellen Verflechtungen darzustellen. Des Weiteren versucht man, die Motive des Wiener Hofes für seine Förderung des Erlernens und Gebrauchs der deutschen Sprache, den Einfluss der steigenden Bedeutung der deutschen Sprache auf Ausbildungsmodalitäten und letztendlich die Fälle zu beleuchten, wo der Gebrauch des Deutschen zu einer politischen Frage wurde.

Ivana Horbec, “Lessons in ‘Good Policy’ for the King’s Servants: Political and Cameral Studies in Croatia (1769-1776)”

Ivana Horbec — Thu, 29 Nov 2018 09:57:20 +0000

The paper by Ivana Horbec, “Lessons in “Good Policy” for the King’s Servants: Political and Cameral Studies in Croatia (1769-1776)” has been published in Povijesni prilozi – Historical Contributions, vol. 54 (2018.). The full paper is available here.

Abstract:

Professional education of civil servants was one of the major goals of 18th-century educational reforms in the Habsburg Monarchy. During the reign of Maria Theresa, a range of state-controlled academies and university programmes were established in order to teach the prospective civil servants the art of “good policy” (gute Polizei, or wise governance), which comprised a theoretical knowledge of public administration, education, health, economy, and security as the main postulates for incorporating the principles of common good and prosperity in public governance. One of such programmes, namely Political and Cameral Studies (Studium politico-camerale), was founded in 1769 in the Croatian city of Varaždin. Focusing on that programme, this paper aims at analysing the educational policy of Maria Theresa in regard to her civil servants and at estimating the knowledge required for public service during the period of enlightened absolutism. The Varaždin programme will be compared with similar institutes in Austria and Hungary. Also, its success in Croatia, where it was supposed to function as the key institution for the educational strategies of local noblemen, will be critically assessed.

Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe

Ivana Horbec — Wed, 28 Mar 2018 11:35:53 +0000

Amsterdam University Press has recently published an edited volume Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe. Education, Sociability, and Governance. The editors of the book are Vladislav Rjéoutski (German Historical Institute in Moscow) and Willem Frijhoff (University of Amsterdam; Erasmus University of Rotterdam).

This multinational collection of essays challenges the traditional image of a monolingual Ancient Regime in Enlightenment Europe, both East and West. Its archival research explores the important role played by selective language use in social life and in the educational provisions in the early constitution of modern society. A broad range of case studies show how language was viewed and used symbolically by social groups – ranging from the nobility to the peasantry – to develop, express, and mark their identities.

Multilingualism in 18th-century Croatia was analysed by Ivana Horbec and Maja Matasović, Voices in a country divided: Linguistic choices in early modern Croatia.

Index:

Introduction – 7
Vladislav Rjéoutski and Willem Frijhofff

Learning Vernaculars, Learning in Vernaculars. The Role of Modern Languages in Nicolas Le Gras’s noble
academy and in teaching practices for the nobility (France, 1640-c.1750) – 15
Andrea Bruschi (Universita di Verona)

Dutch foreign language use and education after 1750. Routines and innovations – 39
Willem Frijhofff (Erasmus University, Rotterdam)

Practice and functions of French as a second language in a Dutch patrician family. The van Hogendorp family
(eighteenth-early nineteenth centuries) – 65
Madeleine van Strien-Chardonneau (University of Leiden), (Translated by Mary Robitaille-Ibbettt)

Multilingualism versus proficiency in the German language among the administrative elites of the Kingdom of
Hungary in the eighteenth century – 87
Olga Khavanova (Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow)

Voices in a country divided: Linguistic choices in early modern Croatia – 111
Ivana Horbec and Maja Matasović (Croatian Institute of History, Zagreb)

Introducing the teaching of foreign languages in grammar schools. A comparison between the Holy Roman Empire and the Governorate of Estonia – 143
Michael Rocher

Latin in the education of nobility in Russia: The history of a defeat – 169
Vladislav Rjéoutski (Deutsches Historisches Institut Moskau)

Latin as the language of the orthodox clergy in eighteenth-century Russia – 191
Ekaterina Kislova (Moscow State University)

More on the volume: Amsterdam University Press

Vlasta Švoger, “The 1848 – 1849 Revolutionary Turmoil – Incentive for Changes in Croatia’s Education System”

Ivana Horbec — Thu, 01 Mar 2018 12:44:28 +0000

This paper presents how the 1848 – 1849 revolutionary turmoil gave rise to the political and social atmosphere that enabled the realisation of certain liberal ideas, political rights and freedoms, freedom of learning and instruction among others, and gave the crucial incentive for the beginning of modernisation reforms in the education system of the Habsburg Monarchy and Croatia.

Vlasta Švoger, “The 1848 – 1849 Revolutionary Turmoil – Incentive for Changes in Croatia’s Education System”, Povijesni prilozi 53 (2017), 163-185.

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Milan Vrbanus, “Resistance, Conflicts and Contributions to Organising Education in Slavonia in the 18th and the first Decades of the 19th Century”

Ivana Horbec — Thu, 01 Mar 2018 12:20:25 +0000

The author strove to present developments in education in the last decades of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century using data from canonical visitation reports of the Pécs and the Bosnian-Đakovo and Syrmian Dioceses, information from the archives of the Franciscan Monastery of St. Anthony of Padua in Našice, published archival minutes of Slavonian Franciscan and other monasteries, as well as information on educational institutions, teachers and teaching staff from schematisms published in Zagrabiense Calendarium from 1786 to 1847. Moreover, based on the sources mentioned, the author presented factors that positively or negatively influenced developments in education within the mentioned time frame.

Milan Vrbanus, “Resistance, Conflicts And Contributions To Organising Education In Slavonia In The 18th And The First Decades Of The 19th Century”, Povijesni prilozi 53 (2017), 133-161.

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Branko Ostajmer, “The Teachers of Banal Croatia in the Turmoil of the Great War”

Ivana Horbec — Thu, 01 Mar 2018 11:53:59 +0000

Very little has been written about the participation of Croatian teachers in World War I thus far, even when the general lack of research on this period of Croatian history is taken into account. There are many reasons for this, and one of them is certainly the fact that Croatian teachers invested their lives and other efforts and sacrifices in the side that lost the war, and which also represented a negation of the Yugoslav state created in 1918. Based on archival sources, literature, and newspapers, this article seeks to examine the role of teachers in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia during World War I, with special emphasis on the fate of teachers on the front and the various forms of persecution suffered by those teachers who actively expressed anti-state views or were seen as politically unreliable.

Branko Ostajmer, “Učiteljstvo Banske Hrvatske u vihoru Velikoga rata”, Časopis za suvremenu povijest 49 (2017) 3, 555-569.

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Ivana Horbec, “The ‘Quiet Force’: The Role of Legal Education in the Disciplining of the Hungarian and Croatian Nobility in the 1760s”

Ivana Horbec — Thu, 01 Mar 2018 11:23:52 +0000

Examining the Habsburg educational policy towards the Hungarian and Croatian nobility in the 1760s through the perspective of the Vienna Court the author analyses the Court’s attempts to overcome conflicting interests of the traditional structures of the estates and the proto-modern state. With the Vienna Court assuming control over education in the second half of the 18th century, tendencies began to appear focusing education on contents that favour the interests of the ruler’s sovereignty and attempts to ‘politically discipline’ become a constituent part of teaching material. These tendencies became especially prominent in the reform of legal education through which relations between the ruler and the estates, between the state and its inhabitants as well as the rights and obligations of political subjects were defined, with emphasis on the meaning of public good, prosperity and necessities of time. The Vienna Court’s education policy in the 1760s presented a turnabout in the history of legal education in Hungary and Croatia and a period of assertion of new educational standards for public servants.

Ivana Horbec, “The ‘Quiet Force’: The Role of Legal Education in the Disciplining of the Hungarian and Croatian Nobility in the 1760s”, Povijesni prilozi 53 (2017), 81-108.

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Vlasta Švoger, “On the Role of Informal Education in 19th-Century Croatia”

Ivana Horbec — Sun, 25 Feb 2018 19:12:40 +0000

In 19th century Croatia, informal forms of education were very important due to the unsatisfactory formal education system, which was characterised by an underdeveloped network of schools and their small numbers, especially schools for girls; the poor quality of education and underpaid teachers; too large class sizes; irregular school attendance by pupils; impossibility for higher education in Croatia until the foundation of the University of Zagreb in 1874, except in legal sciences and theology; as well as other problems. The role of informal forms of education in Croatia in the 19th century will be illustrated by the example of a number of distinguished Croatian intellectuals. On the basis of autobiography sources – autobiographies and diaries – Švoger demonstrates what the role of self-education, education with private tutors and governesses was in education and intellectual formation of distinguished teacher and educator Mijat Stojanović, publicist Imbro Ignjatijević Tkalac, politician and publicist Andrija Torkvat Brlić, writer Ksaver Šandor Gjalski and two Croatian female writers, Dragojla Jarnević and Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić. In their autobiographic and diary entries, they critically evaluated the positive and negative aspects of their own formal and informal education.

Vlasta Švoger, “On the Role of Informal Education in 19th-Century Croatia”, Review of Croatian History 13 (2017) 1, 79-102.

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